This article examines the structural and conceptual contradictions within the Avesta and their implications for understanding the development of Zoroastrian theology, cosmology, and religious doctrine. Drawing upon a comparative textual and historiographical analysis of the Gathas, Yasna, Yashts, and Videvdad, the study investigates inconsistencies concerning the creative role of Ahura Mazda, the functions of the Amesha Spentas and the yazatas, the concepts of cosmology and cosmogony, the doctrine of fravashi, and the evolving portrayal of Yima and Zarathustra. The article also critically evaluates the interpretations advanced by leading Avestan scholars, including Mary Boyce, L. A. Lelekov, H. Lommel, R. C. Zaehner, É. Benveniste, and others. It argues that the Avesta should not be understood as a single, internally homogeneous theological system but rather as a multilayered corpus that reflects different chronological stages of composition, successive priestly redactions, and changing social, political, and religious contexts. The identified contradictions do not diminish the historical value of the Avesta; instead, they provide important evidence for reconstructing the evolution of Zoroastrian thought and the transformation of its religious tradition. The study concludes that a comprehensive analysis of these internal inconsistencies offers new perspectives for Avestan studies and contributes to a deeper understanding of the intellectual and spiritual heritage of ancient Turan and Iran.

Avesta, Zoroastrianism, Avestan studies

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