This article analyzes the terms related to the military administration system and strategy of the Karakhanid state based on Mahmud al-Kashgari’s work “Diwan Lughat al-Turk”, as well as their semantic content and significance.

The current study will be used to identify the water pollution rates in the Al-Diwaniyah River (Shatt Al-Diwaniyah) located in Al-Diwaniyah District and to assess the effects of water pollution on agricultural crops. The research was based on the thorough collection of information, statistics, received in respect to the official bodies of interest and the field research that assumed the gathering of the information and water samples at the different points of the river. The samples have been georeferenced with the help of GPS machine and have been studied at the chemical laboratory. Furthermore, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to draw a group of thematic maps, which were vital to the study. 

The findings indicated that there is an issue of a high level of temperature in the water of the Al-Diwaniyah River with the highest of 34.2 C recorded in July and the lowest of 10.3 C recorded in January. This thermal rise had serious impacts on concentrations of other parameters especially the electrical conductivity (EC), which was up to 3,465 -1 cm. As compared to the limits set by the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO), it was discovered that pH, potassium (K), sodium (Na) and sulfates (SO 4 ) concentrations in the considered locations make the water not suitable to be used in the irrigation process. Nonetheless, the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the examined sites were identified to be within the acceptable range based on the category of the U.S. Salinity Laboratory (USSL).

This article develops an original, integrative theoretical framework that connects game-theoretic models of strategic interaction with sociological theories of residential segregation, institutional behavior, and emergent social inequality. Drawing exclusively on foundational works in game theory, industrial organization, and urban sociology, the study argues that many persistent patterns of economic and social inequality can be understood as equilibrium outcomes of interdependent individual and institutional decisions rather than as the result of isolated preferences or exogenous constraints. Building on the strategic logic formalized in classic game theory (Fudenberg and Tirole, 1991) and later extended through analyses of oligopolistic behavior and complementarities (Vives, 1999; Vives, 2005), the article conceptualizes social segregation, tax compliance, school enrollment stability, and neighborhood change as coordination problems characterized by strategic complementarities and path dependence.

The article further integrates sociological accounts of residential segregation and racial dynamics in American cities, including analyses of segregation trends, city-suburb institutional boundaries, and behavioral responses to demographic change (Galster, 1988; Massey and Gross, 1991; James, 1989). These perspectives are reinterpreted through a strategic lens, emphasizing how individual actions—such as residential choice, school enrollment decisions, or tax evasion—are shaped by expectations about the behavior of others. Theoretical insights from studies of racial attraction and avoidance (Hwang and Murdock, 1998), class awareness (Jackman and Jackman, 1983), and enrollment stability in desegregating schools (Giles, 1978) are analyzed as manifestations of coordination dynamics rather than purely attitudinal phenomena.

A central contribution of this article lies in its application of emergent systems thinking to social and economic processes. Inspired by interdisciplinary accounts of emergence in biological, technological, and urban systems (Johnson, 2001) and popularized theories of tipping points in social change (Gladwell, 2000), the article demonstrates how small, localized strategic adjustments can produce large-scale, persistent structural outcomes. Tax policy and market power are also incorporated into this framework through a reexamination of monopoly behavior and nonneutral profit taxation (Lee, 1998), highlighting how institutional design interacts with strategic incentives to shape compliance and efficiency.

Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative, theory-driven synthesis approach, using descriptive analytical reasoning rather than formal modeling or empirical estimation. This approach allows for deep theoretical elaboration, critical comparison of competing interpretations, and the development of a unified conceptual narrative across disciplines. The results of this synthesis suggest that inequality, segregation, and institutional rigidity are best understood as equilibrium phenomena sustained by mutual expectations and reinforcing feedback loops.

The discussion section reflects on the normative and policy implications of this perspective, emphasizing the challenges of disrupting entrenched equilibria and the importance of coordinated interventions. The article concludes by outlining directions for future research that integrate strategic interaction, institutional analysis, and emergent social dynamics into a more comprehensive theory of inequality and social change.

In the article, the author provides a philosophical analysis of the essence and content of interest and national interest. The author offers a definition from the perspective of contemporary philosophy and conducts a scholarly analysis of the views of various scientists and researchers. The article presents the author’s original scientific and philosophical conclusions.

This article analyzes the traditional technological processes of ceramic production in the Rishtan pottery school based on historical and ethnographic sources. The study examines local raw material resources, clay preparation techniques, methods of shaping pottery, drying technologies, preparation of engobe (base coating) and glaze layers, as well as firing processes in traditional kilns. Particular attention is paid to ethno-territorial factors that influenced the quality, form, and artistic characteristics of Rishtan ceramic products. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of the place of the Rishtan pottery school within the broader system of Central Asian craft traditions and highlights the distinctive technological knowledge preserved by local artisans.

The article examines tourism as a significant instrument of cultural diplomacy within the system of humanitarian cooperation between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Turkey. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations of cultural diplomacy and soft power, as well as the role of tourism in promoting intercultural dialogue and strengthening international humanitarian relations. Special attention is given to historical and cultural prerequisites of Uzbek–Turkish cooperation, contemporary forms of tourism interaction, institutional mechanisms, and practical initiatives. The research identifies key challenges and prospects for the development of tourism as a tool of cultural diplomacy and highlights its strategic importance for enhancing bilateral relations in the context of globalization.

This article analyzes the effective activity of E.Yu. Yusupov in the training of highly qualified scientific personnel in Uzbekistan. The study examines the development of the national system of scientific and academic staff training in the context of educational reforms and institutional transformations after independence. Special attention is paid to the role of scientific supervision, the formation of a sustainable research environment, methodological rigor, and the principles of scientific continuity.

Based on a review of national and international scholarly sources, the article highlights key factors influencing the quality of scientific personnel training, including institutional reforms, international cooperation, innovation in higher education, and support for young researchers. The findings indicate that E.Yu. Yusupov’s scientific and pedagogical activities were characterized by a systematic and comprehensive approach to research supervision, the encouragement of independent thinking, and the promotion of academic integrity and methodological precision.

The study concludes that his contribution played a significant role in strengthening scientific schools, ensuring continuity in research traditions, and enhancing the overall effectiveness of scientific personnel training in Uzbekistan. The results of this research may serve as a theoretical and practical basis for further improvement of the national system of training highly qualified scientific staff.

Zulfiya is a bright poet of Uzbek literature who enriched the spiritual world of Uzbek society and women through the art of words. Her творчество is considered a source of inspiration not only in her time but also today for readers and creators. This article is dedicated to revealing the miraculous power of words through the life and works of Zulfiya.

This article analyzes the essence and historical assessment of the phenomenon of Saigo Takamori within the framework of the historical contradictions that emerged between tradition and modernization during the Meiji Restoration. The study examines Saigo Takamori’s role in the collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate, his political and military activities in restoring imperial authority, and his position toward the early modernization policies of the Meiji state. Particular attention is given to how Saigo’s views – grounded in samurai ethics, loyalty, and justice – came into conflict with the construction of a centralized, bureaucratic, and Westernized state. The research interprets Saigo not only as a historical figure but also as a socio-political and moral symbol reflecting the internal contradictions of Meiji modernization. The study concludes that the Saigo Takamori phenomenon represents the historical embodiment of traditional values and samurai ideology that were marginalized during Japan’s transition to a modern state. This perspective allows for a deeper understanding of the nature of Meiji reforms.

Orientalism in culture and art is a way of perceiving the "mysterious East" by the artistic world of the West. This is the worldview underlying the exploration of the East by European and American cultures. According to the author, orientalism reflects one of the attempts to westernize the East as a world different from the West. The article analyzes the origins of Orientalism, its worldview, and the main stages of its development. The interpretation of the modern vision of the East, the worldview of post-orientalism, is given.