Background: The colonial period in Bihar was a time of significant social and cultural flux. While the role of Christian missionaries in India is widely acknowledged, their specific contributions to education and social reform within the unique socio-political context of Bihar remain underexplored. This article seeks to fill that gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted impact of missionary activities in the region.

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to critically examine the nature, extent, and legacy of Christian missionary involvement in the educational and social spheres of colonial Bihar. It aims to dissect their role as catalysts for change, while also considering the complexities and criticisms associated with their work.

Methods: This study employs a qualitative historical analysis, drawing on a wide range of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include archival records from missionary societies and colonial government reports, while secondary sources consist of a thorough review of existing scholarly literature on the subject. A thematic and comparative analytical framework is used to evaluate the impact across various domains.

Results: The findings reveal that Christian missionaries were pioneers in several key areas. They were instrumental in establishing Western-style education, promoting vernacular literature through printing presses, and introducing vocational training. Crucially, they extended educational opportunities to marginalized groups, including women, tribal communities, and lower castes, thereby challenging entrenched social hierarchies. Furthermore, their work in healthcare and advocacy against social evils like Sati and child marriage marked them as significant agents of social reform.

Conclusion: The study concludes that Christian missionaries in colonial Bihar left an enduring and complex legacy. While their motives were often intertwined with the colonial enterprise and evangelism, their contributions to education and social reform were transformative. They not only introduced new institutions and ideas but also created new avenues for social mobility and empowerment for the most vulnerable

sections of society. This article provides a nuanced perspective on their role, acknowledging both their pioneering efforts and the inherent controversies of their position.