Exchange rate policy constitutes an important component of macroeconomic management because movements in the value of a domestic currency can influence import prices, production costs, inflation expectations, external competitiveness, and ultimately overall price stability. This research and review article examines the analytical relationship between exchange rate policy and macroeconomic price stability through a structured conceptual framework. The study adopts a qualitative research-review methodology based on critical examination and thematic interpretation of the references supplied for the study. Particular attention is given to the transmission mechanisms through which exchange-rate decisions may affect domestic price conditions, including import-cost transmission, expectations, external-sector adjustment, and policy credibility. The review also identifies an important limitation in the available evidence base: the supplied literature primarily examines social media marketing and consumer behaviour rather than exchange-rate regimes or macroeconomic inflation dynamics. Consequently, the findings are interpreted as a conceptual framework rather than as statistically validated estimates of exchange-rate effects. The analysis suggests that exchange-rate policy should be evaluated as part of a broader macroeconomic stabilization framework rather than as an isolated instrument. Effective policy requires consistency between exchange-rate management, monetary conditions, inflation expectations, external-sector objectives, and domestic economic fundamentals. The study contributes by identifying the conceptual dimensions required for evaluating exchange-rate policy while highlighting the need for topic-specific empirical research.

Agricultural productivity increasingly depends on the availability of finance that supports technological modernization, climate adaptation, resource efficiency, and equitable access to productive investment. Conventional agricultural financing may be insufficient when farmers face credit constraints, elevated climate risks, and limited access to financial institutions. This research develops an analytical framework connecting green investment, inclusive financial access, climate-smart agricultural practices, and agricultural productivity. Using a conceptual and comparative synthesis of the eleven supplied references, the study examines the institutional mechanisms through which sustainable finance can influence farm-level investment decisions and productive outcomes. The proposed framework integrates green credit allocation, sustainable financial instruments, financial inclusion, climate-risk management, and productivity optimization within a unified analytical model. A structured methodology is presented to identify the relationships among these variables and establish propositions for future empirical testing. The conceptual findings suggest that the productive contribution of sustainable finance depends not only on the volume of capital mobilized but also on its accessibility, affordability, allocation efficiency, and compatibility with agricultural investment cycles. Green finance can support improved productivity when environmental objectives are translated into feasible investments and when credit constraints do not exclude smaller producers. However, fragmented financial markets, information asymmetry, climate uncertainty, and weak monitoring mechanisms may limit these benefits. The study contributes an integrated framework for examining how sustainable financial systems can strengthen agricultural productivity while advancing environmental sustainability and financial inclusion.

This study investigates the effect of Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMW) remittances on poverty, taking into account the mediating role of regional economic growth, using balanced panel data from 34 provinces in Indonesia over 2020–2024. A two-stage mediation approach was applied using Random Effects (GLS) estimation with robust standard errors. Model selection was conducted through the Chow Test, Hausman Test, and Breusch-Pagan LM Test, which consistently confirmed Random Effects as the best estimator for both stages. Mediation effects were assessed using the Sobel test. Stage 1 results show remittances have a positive and significant effect on regional economic growth (β = 0.5678, p < 0.01). Stage 2 results show remittances directly and significantly reduce poverty (β = −2.1649, p < 0.05), while regional economic growth is not statistically significant (p = 0.508). The Sobel test confirms that economic growth does not serve as a mediator (Z = 0.656, p = 0.512), indicating that remittances reduce poverty mainly through direct household income transfers rather than through stimulating aggregate regional output. Control variables HDI and UNEMP are both significant. These findings align with the short-run predictions of the Lewis Two-Sector Model and the non-inclusive growth phenomenon in Indonesia. Policy implications include reducing remittance transfer costs, improving financial literacy among IMW families, and pursuing more inclusive economic growth strategies in migrant-sending regions.

The COVID-19 pandemic substantially altered consumer purchasing decisions by changing shopping environments, perceived risks, product priorities, and the adoption of digital commerce. This review examines the behavioral patterns and market dynamics associated with pandemic-era consumption, focusing on the interaction between health concerns, e-commerce adoption, consumer confidence, purchasing convenience, and retail adaptation. The study adopts a structured narrative review approach based exclusively on the reference provided, supplemented by a conceptual analytical framework developed to organize the relevant dimensions of consumer behavior. The analysis considers how changes in shopping channels, risk perceptions, and purchasing preferences can influence retail operations and market competition. E-commerce growth is treated as an important dimension of the transformation, while the relationship between digital accessibility, consumer trust, and purchasing continuity is examined critically. The paper proposes a multidimensional framework linking external disruption, consumer perceptions, channel selection, purchasing outcomes, and market responses. The resulting synthesis suggests that pandemic-related changes in purchasing behavior should be understood as an interaction between immediate crisis responses and broader adaptations in retail systems. However, the single-reference evidence base limits the ability to establish universal behavioral patterns or quantify the magnitude and persistence of individual changes. The paper contributes a conceptual foundation for future empirical research into consumer resilience, digital purchasing, and retail strategy under conditions of economic and public-health uncertainty.