This article gives an overview of religious scholarship in Mavarounnahr during the 9th to 12th centuries. Starting from the 8th century, various theological factions such as Qadariyya, Jabriya, Jahmiya, Mutaziliyya, and Rafidiyyah emerged within Islam, proliferating notably in Central Asia during the late 9th and early 10th centuries. Extensive scholarly studies by figures like Wilfred Madelung, Melchert Christopher, Ahmet Karamustafa, Shirin Akiner, Muhammad Mansur Ali, and Aiyub Palmer have elucidated the origins, significance, and societal impacts of these theological sects. A prevailing consensus among these scholars highlights Mavarounnahr, or contemporary Central Asia, as a region where hadith scholars (Ahl al-hadith), adherents of Hanafi jurisprudence, and followers of Moturidism thrived. Notably, these scholars underscored the symbiotic relationship between certain Sufi practices (such as malamatiya and karramiya) and Islamic sects. It is documented that proponents of hadith, Hanafi jurisprudence, and Moturidism vehemently opposed groups espousing distorted interpretations of religious doctrines. Additionally, numerous studies have explored the doctrinal disparities between the Ahl al-Hadith and the Hanafi school, sometimes associating Abu Hanifa with the Ahl al-Ray. According to scholars like Khalid Blankinship and Ira Lapidus, the 10th-century scholar al-Moturidi of Samarkand formulated the Moturidi doctrine, synthesizing positive elements from divergent theological streams. Essentially, Imam al-Moturidi expanded upon the foundational principles laid down by Abu Hanifa, anchoring his doctrines in the Quran and hadith while refuting the ideologies of groups like Jahmiyyah, Qaramit, Rafidiyyah, Murjiyyah, and Karramiyyah, which he perceived as distorting the essence of Islam and misinterpreting religious tenets. The objective of the analysis presented in this article is to explore the scholarly discourse surrounding Hanafi jurisprudence, Ahl al-Hadith, and other theological factions prevalent in Central Asia, with a focus on delineating their principal doctrines and trajectories.

Hanafi, Ahl al-Hadith, Central Asia

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