This study explores how knowledge bridging facilitates the formation and sustainability of collaborative innovation ecosystems in interdisciplinary domains. As complex global challenges increasingly demand cross-sectoral and cross-disciplinary solutions, effective knowledge integration becomes vital. Through a combination of qualitative case studies and network analysis, the research identifies key mechanisms—including boundary-spanning roles, shared platforms, and co-creation processes—that enable diverse stakeholders such as academia, industry, and government to synergize knowledge. Findings reveal that dynamic knowledge flows, mutual trust, and institutional support are critical to fostering innovation and adaptability within these ecosystems. The study offers a strategic framework for designing and managing interdisciplinary collaborations aimed at driving innovation across complex knowledge frontiers.

This study examines the impact of major financial and economic crises (notably the oil price crash of 2014–2015 and the COVID-19 pandemic) on the stability of the Iraqi banking sector during 2005–2022. It focuses on three key banks: Rafidain and Rashid (state-owned) and the Trade Bank of Iraq (TBI). Financial data and stability indicators were analyzed for each bank. The findings indicate that economic downturns linked to oil revenue shocks negatively impacted the state banks’ credit growth, asset quality, and capital adequacy. At the same time, TBI maintained relatively high liquidity and stability due to its role in financing the oil trade. The IMF has noted that the large state banks became “fragile” after years of on-lending to the government, undermining their liquidity and profitability. Nevertheless, the banking sector’s overall stability was supported by government backing and large reserve buffers (e.g. Rafidain reportedly holds over $6.5 billion in reserves. The study recommends accelerating banking reforms: restructuring the major public banks, establishing deposit insurance, and strengthening payment systems to enhance financial stability.