One of the major problems in gastroenterology is chronic diseases of the upper digestive tract, which are often a common pathological process with a long recurrent course. Connective tissue dysplasia syndrome (CTS) occurs due to a decrease in connective tissue strength depending on the organ or system involved. The basis of the formation of various chronic diseases, there are multiple factors that affect the nature of the course of the disease. Environmental degradation, metabolic disorders and various nervous conditions lead to an increase in the number of cases of DST syndrome. Clinical symptoms in patients are manifested in a variety of ways, with connective tissue pathology indicates the systemic nature of the lesion, as all organs are mainly composed of connective tissue and perform a number of critical functions in the body.

Serial histotopographic sections of the greater duodenal papilla area have been studied to clarify the way of formation of the hepatic-pancreatic ampulla and the intramural part of the common bile and pancreatic ducts. In predominant cases in the longitudinal fold of the duodenum the common bile and pancreatic ducts are fused and form a common hepatic-pancreatic ampulla, which opens with an orifice at the apex of the large papilla of the duodenum (papilla fatera). The shape of the ampulla cavity depends on the level of fusion of the aforementioned ducts.

Thoracic ultrasound is an important non-invasive procedure that can provide a substantial amount of information in the examination of children. The most effective use of ultrasound in paediatrics requires knowledge of the latest scanning techniques as well as a clear understanding of the detected characteristic symptoms of various chest diseases.

In this article, epidemiological data on the programs of breast cancer and screening programs are presented, as well as the role of mammographic screening in the early diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous pathologies of breast diseases are described in detail.

The article discusses different approaches to assessing mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of international data shows that different countries use different approaches to assessing mortality from COVID-19 and the increase in mortality from all causes. The most probable reasons for the variability of the increase in mortality rates are the rate of spread of infection, the quality of isolation and quarantine measures, the commitment of the population to their implementation, the resource capacity of the healthcare system and the quality of medical care (both for the treatment of COVID-19 and other diseases), features of living conditions, socio-economic and political processes that are difficult to formalize (and therefore assess the contribution by methods of mathematical statistics). For a correct comparison of excess mortality rates, it will be necessary to calculate standardized indicators and compare data in five-year age groups.

In 2021, serious problems should be expected with the comparison of mortality rates in different countries from individual causes. The methodology for recording deaths from COVID-19 and other causes is not uniform at the global level, problems are associated with differences in approaches to determining the primary cause of death, difficulties in determining the cause of death if a patient has multimorbid pathology (especially without postmortem examination). A full-fledged analysis is possible only with transdisciplinary cooperation under the auspices of the WHO of doctors, mathematicians, economists, and information technology specialists.

303 patients with different clinical forms of acute paraproctitis were treated. All the observed patients were operated on radically. Treatment tactics and choice of surgical treatment method in patients with various clinical forms of acute paraproctitis depend upon the pus localization, the location of primary purulent passage in relation to anal sphincter fibers, the degree of cicatricial process development in pararectal tissue and rectal wall. The developed complex of tactical and therapeutic measures allows to reduce the period of patient's stay in the hospital, significantly reduce the percentage of recurrences of the disease, improve functional results of treatment.

Injuries to the cervical spine are among the most severe musculoskeletal injuries. Neck injuries account for 7.6% of spinal injuries. At present, foreign and domestic scientists have accumulated extensive experience in diagnosing and treating injuries of the cervical spine. Many types of conservative and surgical techniques are available for treating unstable C3-Th-1 fractures of the spine.

In turn, years of observation have shown that the current methods have their limitations. There is no clarity in the choice of surgical or conservative treatment depending on the nature and severity of cervical spine injuries. The indications for surgery and the timing of the operation are incompletely developed. The criteria for treatment outcomes are not clear, and unsatisfactory outcomes often lead to repeated complex operations, which increases the number of disabled patients.

The influence of risk factors on the surgical effectiveness of trabeculoplasty using Argon laser in glaucoma.

This article discusses the use of laser surgery in glaucoma and the impact of risk factors on the surgical effectiveness of trabeculoplasty using Argon laser.