Tinnitus, commonly described as ringing, buzzing, or hissing in the ears, is a prevalent condition affecting a significant portion of the population. It can arise from various etiological factors, including noise exposure, age-related hearing loss, ototoxic medications, and underlying pathological conditions. Clinically, tinnitus presents with varying degrees of severity, ranging from a mild nuisance to a debilitating condition that impacts quality of life. The pathological mechanisms involve abnormalities in auditory pathways, neural plasticity, and dysfunction of the central nervous system. Current treatment approaches include sound therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), pharmacological interventions, and emerging neuromodulation techniques. Understanding the clinical, pathological, and treatment aspects of tinnitus is crucial for developing effective management strategies and improving patient outcomes. This article explores the underlying mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and contemporary treatment modalities to enhance clinical interventions for individuals affected by tinnitus.

Tinnitus, Otosclerosis, Meniere's disease

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